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The Searobend Ontology

Release: December 11th 2022

Modified on: January 23rd 2024
This version:
https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#2.0.0
Latest version:
https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#
Previous version:
https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#1.0.0
Revision:
v2.0.0
Issued on:
January 23rd 2024
Authors:
Lucy McKenna, ADAPT Centre, Trinity College Dublin
Contributors:
Colleen Curran, School of English, Trinity College Dublin
Mark Faulkner, School of English, Trinity College Dublin
Declan O'Sullivan, ADAPT Centre, Trinity College Dublin
Publisher:
Searobend
Extended Ontologies:
CIDOC CRM
LRMoo
Download serialization:
JSON-LD RDF/XML N-Triples TTL
License:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/
Visualization:
Visualize with WebVowl
Cite as:
"McKenna, L., Curran, C., Faulkner, M., O'Sullivan, D. (2023). The Searobend Ontology. Retrieved from https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology."
Ontology Specification Draft

Abstract

The Searobend Ontology extends the CIDOC CRM and the LRMoo ontologies in order to provide a vocabulary that can be used for the description of medieval manuscript metadata.

Introduction back to ToC

The Middle Ages saw a considerable quantity of writing in English, with perhaps five million words surviving from the eleventh century alone. Much of this material is available online, but at present it requires considerable expertise to know where.

The Searobend project – which takes its name from an Old English word meaning ‘clever linkage’ – will use techniques from computer science to link fifteen major resources for the study of English texts from the High Middle Ages (c. 1000-1300), making much clearer how much survives and what proportion of this is available digitally. This will considerably enhance the utility of these resources for scholars and facilitate the next generation of research on this formative period of literary, linguistic and cultural history.

It will also bring significant benefits for non-specialists approaching the medieval period, including schoolchildren, undergraduates and community groups, by reducing the sometimes confusing variety of names by which some works are known and providing basic information about each, thereby facilitating users to engage more deeply with these manuscripts.

The Searobend Ontology defines the concepts and relationships represented in the Searobend Project which assembles authoritative metadata for English-Language texts copied between 1000 and 1300. This ontology can be used to describe medieval manuscripts, the works these manuscripts contain and the texts that carry these works.

Searobend is one of 21 research projects to receive investment under the IRC’s COALESCE programme awards.

Namespace Declarations

Table 1: Namespaces used in the document
searobend<https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#
cidoc<http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/
frbroo<http://iflastandards.info/ns/lrm/lrmoo/
owl<http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
rdf<http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
xml<http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace#
xsd<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
skos<http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
vocab<http://purl.org/vocab/vann/
dcterms<http://purl.org/dc/terms/
rdfs<http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
bibo<http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/
dc<http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/

Searobend: Overview back to ToC

This ontology has the following classes and properties.

Classes

Object Properties

Data Properties

Named Individuals

Searobend: Description back to ToC

The Searobend Ontology defines the concepts and relationships represented in the Searobend Project which assembles authoritative metadata for English-Language texts copied between 1000 and 1300. This ontology can be used to describe medieval manuscripts, the works these manuscripts contain and the texts that carry these works.

The following figure contains a Graffoo diagram that provides an overview of the classes and properties used in the Searobend ontology.

A Graffoo diagram of the Searobend model

Cross-reference for Searobend classes, object properties and data properties back to ToC

This section provides details for each class and property defined by Searobend.

Classes

Abstractc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#Abstract

An abstract is a portion of a documentary work, giving it not in its entirety but in summary form.
has super-classes
e89 propositional object c

Articlec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#Article

A defined article of a manuscript.
has super-classes
Component c

Authorc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#Author

The creator of a work.
has super-classes
e21 person c

Boundsc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#Bounds

A set of bounds or boundary clause is a portion of a documentary work that gives a description of how to perambulate an estate, thereby defining its extent.
has super-classes
e89 propositional object c

Columnc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#Column

A vertical division of the text found on a leaf.
has super-classes
e25 human made feature c
is in range of
has range end op, has range start op

Column Rangec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#ColumnRange

A range of columns on a leaf.
has super-classes
e25 human made feature c
is in domain of
has range end op

Componentc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#Component

A subunit of a manuscript.
has super-classes
e22 human made object c
has sub-classes
Article c, Folio c, Folio Range c, Fragment c, Membrane c, Number c, Page c, Page Range c, Part c, Volume c
is in domain of
has number dp, has range start op
is in range of
has range start op

e56 languagec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/E56_Language

has super-classes
e55 type c
has members
English ni, Latin ni, Middle English ni, Old English ni

Folioc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#Folio

A folio in a manuscript.
has super-classes
Component c
is in domain of
has side op
is in range of
has range end op

Folio Rangec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#FolioRange

A range of folios in a manuscript.
has super-classes
Component c
is in domain of
has range end op

Fragmentc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#Fragment

A remnant of a medieval manuscript.
has super-classes
Component c

Linec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#Line

A horizontal line of text found on leaf.
has super-classes
e25 human made feature c
is in range of
has range end op, has range start op

Line Rangec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#LineRange

A range of lines on a leaf.
has super-classes
e25 human made feature c
is in domain of
has range end op

Manuscriptc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#Manuscript

A medieval hand-written book.
has super-classes
e22 human made object c, f4 item c
has sub-classes
Notional Manuscript c

Membranec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#Membrane

A generic term used to refer to all forms of animal skin that have been prepared to receive writing.
has super-classes
Component c

Notional Manuscriptc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#NotionalMansucript

The concept, idea or 'notion' of a manuscript as it existed when it was being produced. The manuscript may or may not have the same form today, for instance, it may have been lost, damaged or destroyed, or parts of the manuscript may have been dispersed over time.
has super-classes
Manuscript c

Numberc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#Number

has super-classes
Component c

Pagec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#Page

A page in a manuscript.
has super-classes
Component c
is in domain of
has side op
is in range of
has range end op

Page Rangec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#PageRange

A range of pages in a manuscript.
has super-classes
Component c
is in domain of
has range end op

Partc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#Part

A defined part of a manuscript.
has super-classes
Component c

Record Additionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#RecordAddition

This class comprises of activities whereby a resource record is added to an authority document.
has super-classes
Record Alteration c, e63 beginning of existence c
has sub-classes
Record Replacement c, Record Revision c, Record Split c

Record Alterationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#RecordAlteration

This class comprises processes or activities that alter the listings or records in an authority document.
has super-classes
e7 activity c
has sub-classes
Record Addition c, Record Removal c
is in domain of
added record op, removed record op
is in range of
had record alteration op

Record Incorporationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#RecordIncorporation

This class comprises of activities that result in a record being incorporated or absorbed into an existing record. This process results in the removal of the record that was absorbed and the enhancement of the record that incorporated it.
has super-classes
Record Removal c
is in domain of
enhanced record op

Record Removalc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#RecordRemoval

This class comprises of activities that result in the removal of a record from an authority document.
has super-classes
Record Alteration c, e64 end of existence c
has sub-classes
Record Incorporation c, Record Replacement c, Record Revision c, Record Split c

Record Replacementc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#RecordReplacement

The class comprises of activities that result in the replacement of a resource record by a new and different resource record in an authority document. This activity involves the removal of the old resource record and the addition of a new record.
has super-classes
Record Addition c, Record Removal c

Record Revisionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#RecordRevision

This class comprises of activities that result in the revision of a resource record in an authority document. This results in the removal of the original outdated record and the addition of a revised version of the same record.
has super-classes
Record Addition c, Record Removal c

Record Splitc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#RecordSplit

This class comprises of activities that result in a resource record being split into multiple new resource records. This activity involves the addition of new resource records and the removal of the original resource record.
has super-classes
Record Addition c, Record Removal c

Scribec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#Scribe

A person engaged in the physical writing of mansucripts.
has super-classes
e21 person c

Sidec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#Side

A side of a folio or a page.
has super-classes
e25 human made feature c
is in range of
has side op
has members
Dorse ni, Face ni, Recto ni, Verso ni

Textc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#Text

An expression of a work.
has super-classes
e33 linguistic object c, f2 expression c

Volumec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#Volume

A defined volume of a manuscript.
has super-classes
Component c

Work Typec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#WorkType

A classification of types of works.
has super-classes
e55 type c

Object Properties

added recordop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#addedRecord

This property associates an authority alteration activity with a resource record that was added to the authority document as a result of the activity.
has super-properties
p92 brought into existance op
has domain
Record Addition c
has range
e70 thing c

enhanced recordop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#enhancedRecord

This property associates a Record Incorporation activity to a record that was enahanced as a result of absorbing another resource record.
has domain
Record Incorporation c
has range
e70 thing c

had record alterationop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#hadRecordAlteration

This property associates an authority document with an authority alteration activity.
has domain
e32 authority document c
has range
Record Alteration c

has range endop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#hasRangeEnd

This poperty associates an encompassing component with another component or feature that is the end of its range.
has super-properties
top object property
has domain
Column Range c
Folio Range c
Line Range c
Page Range c
has range
Column c
Folio c
Line c
Page c

has range startop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#hasRangeStart

This poperty associates an encompassing component with another component or feature that is the start of its range.
has domain
Component c
has range
Column c
Component c
Line c

has sideop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#hasSide

This property associates a folio or a page with a side.
has super-properties
p56 bears feature op
has domain
Folio c
Page c
has range
Side c

is similar toop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#isSimilarTo

This property associates a resource with another resource that is deemed to be very similar to it. Both resources may represent the same thing but all properties ascribed to one resource may not necessarily be true for the other.
has super-properties
p130 shows features of op
has domain
e70 thing c
has range
e70 thing c

removed recordop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#removedRecord

This property associates an authority alteration activity with a resource record that was removed from the authority document as a result of the activity.
has super-properties
p93 took out of existance op
has domain
Record Removal c
has range
e70 thing c

Data Properties

has alteration notedp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#hasAlterationNote

A note about an alteration.
has super-properties
p3 has note dp

has cross-reference notedp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#hasCrossReferenceNote

A note about a cross-reference.
has super-properties
p3 has note dp

has numberdp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#hasNumber

This property associates a manuscript component with its number.
has domain
Component c
has range
literal

has scribe notedp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#hasScribeNote

A note about a scribe.
has super-properties
p3 has note dp

is qualified bydp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#isQualifiedBy

Links an entity to a note that details the certainty of the data.
has super-properties
p3 has note dp
has domain
e1 c r m entity c
has range
literal

Named Individuals

Cameron Numberni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#CameronNumber

An identifier used by Cameron to identify a work.
belongs to
e55 type c

Centimetres (cm)ni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#Centimetres

A metric unit of length equal to one hundredth of a metre.
belongs to
e58 measurement unit c

Centuryni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#Century

A century date.
belongs to
e52 time span c
e55 type c

Common Era (CE)ni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#CommonEra

A CE date.
belongs to
e52 time span c
e55 type c

Countryni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#Country

A geographical place that is a country.
belongs to
e53 place c

Countyni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#County

A geographical place that is a county.
belongs to
e53 place c

Dorseni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#Dorse

The underside of a page.
belongs to
Side c

Doubtful Authenticityni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#DoubtfulAuthenticity

Based on a review of the 'comments' field in each eSawyer record, notes when doubts have been expressed about the authenticity of the work as a contemporary document.
belongs to
e55 type c

Englishni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#English

belongs to
e56 language c

Faceni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#Face

The front side of a page.
belongs to
Side c

Heightni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#Height

The height (measurement of top to bottom) of a manuscript or a specified portion of a mansuscript.
belongs to
e54 dimension c
e55 type c

Ker Article Numberni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#KerArticleNumber

An identifier used by Ker to identify a text.
belongs to
e55 type c

Ker Numberni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#KerNumber

An identifier used by Ker to identify a mansuscript.
belongs to
e55 type c

Ker Scribe Numberni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#KerScribeNumber

An identifier used by Ker to identify a scribe.
belongs to
e55 type c

Latinni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#Latin

belongs to
e56 language c

Lines Per Pageni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#LinesPerPage

The number of lines on a specified portion of a manuscript.
belongs to
e54 dimension c
e55 type c

Middle Englishni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#MiddleEnglish

belongs to
e56 language c

Millimetres (mm)ni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#Millimetres

A metric unit of length equal to one thousandth of a metre.
belongs to
e58 measurement unit c

Number of Columnsni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#NumberOfColumns

The number of columns on a specified page or folio of manuscript.
belongs to
e54 dimension c
e55 type c

Number of Foliosni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#NumberOfFolios

The number of folio in a manuscript or in a specified portion of a mansuscript.
belongs to
e54 dimension c
e55 type c

Number of Pagesni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#NumberOfPages

The number of pages in a manuscript or in a specified portion of a mansuscript.
belongs to
e54 dimension c
e55 type c

Number of Wordsni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#NumberOfWords

The number of words in a manuscript or in a specified portion of a mansuscript.
belongs to
e54 dimension c
e55 type c

Okasha Numberni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#OkashaNumber

An identifier used by Okasha to identify a work.
belongs to
e55 type c

Old Englishni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#OldEnglish

belongs to
e56 language c

Rectoni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#Recto

The front side of a folio.
belongs to
Side c

Sawyer Numberni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#SawyerNumber

An identifier used by Sawyer to identify a work.
belongs to
e55 type c

Shelfmarkni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#Shelfmark

An inscription indicating where a manuscript should be shelved.
belongs to
e55 type c

Versoni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#Verso

The underside of a folio.
belongs to
Side c

Widthni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#Width

The width (measurement of side to side) of a mansucript or a specified portion of a mansuscript.
belongs to
e54 dimension c
e55 type c

Written Area Heightni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#WrittenAreaHeight

The height of the written area on a folio, page, manuscript, or other manuscript component or feature.
belongs to
e54 dimension c
e55 type c

Written Area Widthni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://searobend.adaptcentre.ie/ontology#WrittenAreaWidth

The width of the written area on a folio, page, manuscript, or other manuscript component or feature.
belongs to
e54 dimension c
e55 type c

Legend back to ToC

c: Classes
op: Object Properties
dp: Data Properties
ni: Named Individuals

References back to ToC

null

Acknowledgments back to ToC

The authors would like to thank Silvio Peroni for developing LODE, a Live OWL Documentation Environment, which is used for representing the Cross Referencing Section of this document and Daniel Garijo for developing Widoco, the program used to create the template used in this documentation.